Anatomy and surface geometry of the patellofemoral joint. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. Anatomy of the human patellofemoral joint articular cartilage anatomy of the human patellofemoral joint. Biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint sciencedirect. Lines of action and moment arms of the major forcecarrying. The patellofemoral joint is a joint that can be an area of concern for athletes of various sports and ages. Bony and cartilaginous anatomy of the patellofemoral joint. Computational modeling of patellofemoral joint motion of. The kneecap is an example of a bone we are all familiar with, and which has a significant functional role. It is the largest sesamoid bone in the body, and lies within the quadriceps tendon. Patellofemoral osteoarthritis of the knee medical illustration, human anatomy drawing.
It sits in front of the knee joint and protects the joint from damage. The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a flat, circulartriangular bone which articulates with the femur thigh bone and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. In this article we will discuss the anatomy and clinical relevance of the patella. It is also one of the most often injured joints because of its anatomic characteristics, the interrelation of its structural components, and the significant external forces that act. Update on patellofemoral anatomy and biomechanics pdf. The fibula is only involved to the extent that it serves as an attachment site for connective tissue. Anatomical variations of the anterior talofibular ligament of the. The metacarpophalangeal joint exhibits a pattern seen also in the interphalangeal joints. Inflammation between the trochlea and the patella often causes pain, and it is one form of the syndrome. Start studying human anatomy arthology and knee joint. Anatomical variations of the anterior talofibular ligament of the human ankle joint. The patellofemoral joint is a very intricate and essential joint for the athlete, and the knowledge about the anatomy of the joint continues to progress. The vastus medialis oblique muscle and its relationship to. In this paper, the anatomy of the joint will be discussed.
The knee joint is surrounded by a joint capsule with ligaments strapping the inside and outside of the joint collateral ligaments as well as crossing within the joint cruciate ligaments. Nuelle, md keywords patella anatomy trochlea anatomy patella pathology trochlea pathology patellofemoral anatomy patellofemoral biomechanics key points patellofemoral disorders encompass a large spectrum of disease including patellofemoral pain, instability, focal chondral disease, and. The knee is by far the most complicated joint as well. The study of the structures that make up the human body and how those structures relate to each other. Numerous muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, bursa sacs, arteries, and nerves contribute to the functionality of the joint and allow athletes to perform at. Functionally, the knee comprises 2 articulationsthe patellofemoral and tibiofemoral. Gross anatomy components medial, lateral and odd facet on the posterior surface of the patel. Bones that have a smaller proportion of calcium phosphate and carbonate, and greater nonmineralized tissue. The normal anatomy of the femur, patella, and tibia are compared with those displaying mild, moderate and severe osteoarthritis.
Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 1. The patellofemoral joint is a unique and complex structure consisting of static elements bones and ligaments and dynamic elements neuromuscular system. Knee joint stability requires the integration of a complex set of anatomical structures. The biomechanics and kinematics of the patellofemoral joint are the result of a complex assortment of static and dynamic conditions. The patellofemoral joint, due to its particular bone anatomy and the numerous capsuloligamentous structures and muscles that act dynamically on the patella, is considered one of the most complex joints in the human body from the biomechanical point of view. Several anatomical variants of both patella and the trochlea exist. The joint is somewhat complex with multiple contact points and numerous tissues that attach to the patella. The human skeleton contains 206 major bones whereas the number of bones in different animals varies. The ulnar collateral ligament of the human elbow joint. The vastus medialis oblique vmo muscle is reported to be the primary stabilizer of the patella during knee extension. Anatomy of the patellofemoral joint free pdf ebook. Stability of the joint is governed by a combination of static ligaments, dynamic muscular forces, meniscocapsular aponeurosis, bony topography, and joint load. Patellofemoral anatomy and biomechanics pdf free download.
When replaced within the evolutive process of species, humans are primates. The smaller bone that runs alongside the tibia fibula and the kneecap patella are the other bones that make the knee joint. The patellofemoral joint is a synovial joint between the condyles of the femur and the articular surface of the patella. The joints are strengthened by strong fibrous bands called ligaments, which extend between the bones forming the joint. The osseous patella developed separately in birds, some reptiles, and in mammals about 70 million years ago. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The patella is found in many tetrapods, such as mice, cats and birds, but not in whales, or most reptiles in humans, the patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. Physiological considerations of muscle force through the elbow joint. Commencing at the upper border of the patella, it forms a large culdesac beneath the quadriceps femoris figs.
The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia. A dislocation, slipped joint, or tear in the knee can lead to problems maintaining balance. Chapter 10 the knee joint manual of structural kinesiology r. It lies within the quadriceps tendonpatellar tendon and forms part of the knee joint and extensor mechanism of the knee.
It is usually regarded as a sesamoid bone, developed in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris, and resembles these bones 1 in being developed in a tendon. Studies of the anatomy and geometry of the articular cartilage in the human patellofemoral joint, based on analyses of surface curvature, have found variations in the ridges of the articular surface of the patella and the femoral trochlea. The patellar ligament is an extension of the quadriceps tendon. Among humans, the hands play an important function in body language and sign language. Abstract how changes in anatomy affect joint biomechanics can be studied using musculoskeletal modelling, making it a valuable tool to. As evolution continued, the fibula migrated distally, away from the joint line. The digital human forearm and hand kerkhof journal of anatomy. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 2. Based examination patellofemoral joint anatomy and. Joint forces are variable and depend on the degree of knee flexion and whether the foot is in contact with the ground. For a random human anatomy question every day on your phone you can get my daily anatomy. Some aspects of functional anatomy of the human knee joint. To promote better understanding of the knee joint anatomy in the human. The complexity of the joint is primarily due to its ability to provide hinge movement and to provide supple twisting and gliding joint movement as well.
Embryology and anatomy of the patella springerlink. Multiple clinical problems of the knee may be caused by anatomical and physiological. The patella as the largest sesamoid bone of the human body forms the patellofemoral joint with the patellar groove of the femur. Compared with other joints, the ligaments of the ankle have not been studied in great detail. The synovial membrane of the kneejoint is the largest and most extensive in the body. The patellofemoral joint is composed of the articulation of the patella with the femoral condyles of the femur.
Normal anatomy and biomechanics of the knee fred flandry, md, facsw and gabriel hommel, md abstract. This joint has an inner medial and an outer lateral compartment. The full text of this article is available as a pdf 195k. Ebraheims animated educational video describing the basic anatomy of the patella. Hip joint ligaments, a cadaver imaging study for education scielo. Inspite of its important roles, it has a fairly unstable joint design and can degenerate over time. Joints in the human skeleton can be grouped by function. Manske pt, dpt, med, scs, atc, cscs professor wichita state department of physical therapy wichita, ks knee injuries. The anatomy and actions of the knee essay 881 words.
The patella has a configuration of a triangle with its apex directed inferiorly. It extends from the patella, otherwise known as the kneecap. Patellofemoral joint anatomy bonecartilage patella femoral trochlear groove tg patellofemoral joint anatomy soft tissue ligaments medial pf ligament tendons quadriceps, patellar muscles vmo other lateral retinaculum patellofemoral joint anatomy cellular pain receptors function patellofemoral joint function. The influence of the adipose tissue with regard to the pathology of the knee joint. Anatomy and physiology of domestic animals anatomy and physiology of domestic animals. In humans and other primates, the knee joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two joints. Free anatomy and physiology textbook for download openstax. The patellofemoral joint is a complex articulation with high functional and biomechanical requirements. A ligament is a type of fibrous tissue that usually connects two bones. Bones are reservoirs of important minerals, especially calcium, and also make new cells for the blood. Article in press update on patellofemoral anatomy and biomechanics charles a. Computational modeling of patellofemoral joint motion of human knee je ry hartanto dept. The knee is a modified hinge joint, which permits flexion and extension as well as slight internal and external rotation. The vascular anatomy demonstrates the relative independence of the patellofemoral joint in that it possesses its own true vascular tree.
Type of bone shaped like a pea and found in tendons e. Human anatomy arthology and knee joint flashcards quizlet. Tibiofemoral joint anatomy positioned between the femur and the tibia rests the largest and most vulnerable joint in the human body. Human body joint monitoring and early diagnosis of these disorders will. This full color stock medcial exhibit illustrates the stages of patellofemoral osteoarthritis of the knee. Basic anatomy of the patella everything you need to know. The aim of this short report is to examine knee joint anatomy and physiology with respect to knee stability. Learn about human anatomy and physiology online by downloading openstaxs free anatomy and physiology book and using our accompanying study guide. Reprinted with permission from grelsamer rp, colman w1, mow vc. Much as the architectural anatomy of the bone structures is modeled according to the functional constraint of the joint itself, so the vascular anatomy is also influenced by joint function. Cz ior the patellar tendon force and the weight ofthe leg, mpeaivelv. Joints hold the bones together and give the skeleton stability and mobility 1.